Ernest H. Williams, Jr.

William R. Kenan Professor of Biology Emeritus

The Nature HandbookThe Nature Handbook

References

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Photo Information

Fig. 2.1. Trees showing the woody habit:

  1. (a)mixed deciduous forest; Blue Ridge trail, VA; Mar 1975; EHW
  2. (b)longleaf pine, Pinuspalustris; Francis Marion Forest, SC; 16 Jun 2002; EHW
  3. (c)Joshua tree, Yucca brevifolia; Joshua Tree Nat’l Monument, CA; 21 Apr 1981; EHW

Fig. 2.2. The contrast between deciduous and evergreen trees:

  1. (a)maple, Acer sp., and ash, Fraxinus sp.; Clinton, NY; 5 Nov 2002; EHW
  2. (b)spruce, Picea sp.; Kananaskis region, AB; 22 Jul 2003; EHW

Fig. 2.3. The shapes of coniferous and hardwood (flowering) trees:

  1. (a)swamp white oak, Quercus bicolor; Clinton, NY; 5 Oct 2001; EHW
  2. (b)ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa; Missoula, MT; 29 Jul 2003; EHW

Fig. 2.4. The shapes of old trees:

  1. (a)bristlecone pine, Pinus longaera; White Mtns, CA; 13 Sep 1980; EHW
  2. (b)sugar maple, Acer saccharum; Clinton, NY; 24 May 2002; EHW

Fig. 2.5. Branching patterns of trees as seen in winter:

  1. (a)American elm, Ulmus americana; Clinton, NY; Feb 2001; EHW
  2. (b)swamp white oak, Quercus bicolor; Clinton, NY; Feb 2001; EHW
  3. (c)sugar maple, Acer saccharum; Oneida Co., NY; Feb 2001; EHW
  4. (d)paper birch, Betula papyrifera; Clinton, NY; Feb 2001; EHW

Fig. 2.6. Tree rings:

  1. (a)black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia; Clinton, NY; Oct 2003; EHW
  2. (b)lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta; Slate Ck, Fremont Co., WY; 11 Aug 2003; EHW

Fig. 2.7. Heartwood as seen in cross-section:

  1. (a)sugar maple, Acer saccharum; Clinton, NY; 30 Sep 2002; EHW
  2. (b)black walnut, Juglans nigra; Clinton, NY; 8 Sep 2002; EHW
  3. (c)eastern white pine, Pinus strobes; Rome Sand Plains, Oneida Co., NY; 27 May 2003; EHW

Fig. 2.8. Spiral grain in western conifers:

  1. (a)Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii; Cooke City, MT; 13 Aug 2001; EHW
  2. (b)lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta; Yellowstone Nat’l Pk, WY; 9 Aug 2003; EHW

Fig. 2.9. Burls on:

  1. (a)sugar maple, Acer saccharum; Clinton, NY; 2 Dec 2001; EHW
  2. (b)white spruce, Picea glauca; Monhegan Is., ME; 28 May 2002; EHW

Fig. 2.10. Diverse bark patterns:

  1. (a)American beech, Fagus grandifolia; Clinton, NY; 1 May 2001; EHW
  2. (b)black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia; Clinton, NY; 15 Aug 2002; EHW
  3. (c)shagbark hickory, Carya ovata; Clinton, NY; 31 Jul 2003; EHW
  4. (d)yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis; Clinton, NY; 8 Aug 2002; EHW
  5. (e)ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa; Missoula, MT; 29 Jul 2003; EHW
  6. (f)Engelman spruce, Picea engelmannii; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 6 Aug 2001; EHW

Fig. 2.11. Photosynthetic bark on:

  1. (a)quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides; Clinton, NY; 5 Nov 2002 ; EHW
  2. (b)striped maple, Acer pensylvanicum; nr. Old Forge, NY; 2 Aug 2002; EHW

Fig. 2.12. Buttressed trunks on:

  1. (a)baldcypress, Taxodium distichum; Francis Marion Forest, SC; 16 Jun 2002; EHW
  2. (b)sandbox tree, Hura crepitans; St. John, VI; 29 Jun 2002; EHW
  3. (c)American beech, Fagus grandifolia; Clinton, NY; 23 Aug 2003; EHW

Fig. 2.13. Extra root structures:

  1. (a)baldcypress, Taxodium distichum; Francis Marion Forest, SC; 16 Jun 2002; EHW
  2. (b)red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle; FL keys; 1977; EHW

Fig. 2.14. Variations in leaf shape:

  1. (a)a collection of leaves; Clinton, NY; early Oct 2002; EHW
  2. (b)Devil’s-walkingstick, Aralia spinosa; Clinton, NY; 31 Jul 2003; EHW
  3. (c)sassafras, Sassafras albidum; Francis Marion Forest, SC; 16 Jun 2002; EHW

Fig. 2.15. Sun and shade leaves:

  1. (a)sugar maple, Acer saccharum; Clinton, NY; 27 Oct 2002; EHW
  2. (b)white ash, Fraxinus americana; Clinton, NY; 15 Aug 2002; EHW

Fig. 2.16. Winter-time retained leaves:

  1. (a)and (b) northern red oak, Quercus rubra; Clinton, NY; Mar 2001; EHW

Fig. 2.17. Leaves of quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides:

  1. (a)and (b) leaves; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 17 Aug 2001; EHW

Fig. 2.18. Dead needles of Eastern white pine, Pinus strobes; Clinton, NY; 5 Nov 2002; EHW

Fig. 2.19. Cones on conifers:

  1. (a)Eastern white pine, Pinus strobus; Clinton, NY; mid Jun 2001; EHW
  2. (b)pitch pine, Pinus rigida; Rome Sand Plains, Oneida Co., NY; 2 Jun 2003; EHW
  3. (c)white spruce, Picea glauca; Clinton, NY; early Oct 2003; EHW
  4. (d)limber pine, Pinus flexilis; Cody-Northfork Rd, Park Co., WY; 13 Aug 2003; EHW

Fig. 2.20. Variation in the size and shape of pine cones; from the left these include (where and when the cones were collected):

  • digger pine, Pinus sabiniana; coastal range, CA; 1980
  • Eastern white pine, P. strobus; Cinton, NY; 21 Jul 2001
  • longleaf pine, P. palustris; SC; Jun 2002
  • lodgepole pine, P. contorta; Beartooth Mtns, WY; ca. 1980
  • ponderosa pine, P. ponderosa; so. MT; ca. 1980
  • limber pine, P. flexilis; Beartooth Mtns, WY; ca. 1980
  • table mountain pine, P. pungens; Blue Ridge trail, VA; ca. 1975
  • sugar pine, P. lambertiana; Sierra Nevada Mtns, CA; 1980

Fig. 2.21. Closed cones:

  1. (a)lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 17 Aug 2001; EHW
  2. (b)pitch pine, P. rigida; Pine Barrens, NJ; 11 Aug 2002; EHW

Fig. 2.22. Black walnut, Juglans nigra, inhibition:

  • (a)fallen black walnuts, Clinton, NY; 10 Oct 2001; EHW
  • (b)a grove of black walnut trees; MN; 2003; Jennifer Winkelman
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