Ernest H. Williams, Jr.

William R. Kenan Professor of Biology Emeritus

The Nature HandbookThe Nature Handbook

Chapter 5, Ecology & Behavior

References

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Photo Information

Fig, 5.1. Woodland hawks:

  1. northern goshawk, Accipiter gentiles; Rick Kline/Cornell Lab Ornithology
  2. Cooper’s hawk, A. cooperii; CA; Hugh Smith
  3. sharp-shinned hawk, A. striatus; CA; Hugh Smith

Fig. 5.2. Sexual size dimorphism:

  1. elk, Cervus elaphus; Allen Blake Sheldon
  2. Baltimore checkerspots, Euphydryas phaeton; Three Mile Bay, Oswego Co., NY; 12 Jul 2002; EHW
  3. bison, Bison bison; Yellowstone Nat’l Pk, WY; 9 Aug 2003; EHW

Fig. 5.3. Size differences:

  1. Alaska moose, Alces alces gigas; Len Rue, Jr.
  2. Shira’s moose, A. alces shirasi; Allen Blake Sheldon

Fig. 5.4. Extremities:

  1. arctic fox, Alopex lagopus; Len Rue, Jr.
  2. blacktail jackrabbit, Lepus californicus; David Liebman

Fig. 5.5. Largest mammals:

  1. bison, Bison bison; Waterton Lks Pk, AB; 21 Jul 2003; EHW
    2. Ursus arctos; James D. Ronan, Jr.
  2.  

Fig. 5.6. Smallest birds and mammals:

  1. ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris; Allen Blake Sheldon
  2. pygmy shrew, Microsorex hoyi; Roger Rageot

Fig. 5.7. Largest snake:

Eastern indigo snake, Drymarchon corais couperi; Allen Blake Sheldon

Fig. 5.8. Top-level predators:

  1. mountain lion, Felis concolor; Dennis Sheridan
  2. bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus; Richard Nickson
  3. grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis; Yellowstone Nat’l Pk, WY; 9 Aug 2003; EHW

Fig. 5.9. Shivering: Carolina sphinx (tobacco hornworm), Manduca sexta; Clinton, NY; Oct, 2003; EHW

Fig. 5.10. Panting:

  1. domestic dogs, Canis familiaris; Clinton, NY; 31 Aug 2002; EHW
  2. great black-backed gulls, Larus marinus; S. Greer/VIDEO

Fig. 5.11. Herbivores:

  1. moose, Alces alces; Grand Teton Nat’l Pk, WY; 20 Jul 1986; EHW
  2. white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus; Len Rue, Jr.

Fig. 5.12. Group living:

  1. cedar waxwings, Bombycilla cedrorum; Solvang, CA; Mar 1993; Hugh Smith
  2. bison, Bison bison; Yellowstone Nat’l Pk; 9 Aug 2003; EHW

Fig. 5.13. Acorns:

  1. acorns of northern red oak, Quercus rubra; Clinton, NY; 25 Oct 2002; EHW
  2. husks of northern red oak acorns; Clinton, NY; 19 Mar 2003; EHW
  3. acorns of white oak, Quercus alba; Clinton, NY; 31 Oct 2002; EHW

Fig. 5.14. Gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis; Richard Nickson

Fig. 5.15. Scats:

  1. pika, Ochotona princeps; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 8 Aug 1990
  2. pellet-shaped scats, including (where and when collected): EHW
    cottontail rabbit, Sylvilagus sp.; Badger Basin, Park Co., WY; 9 Aug 1990
    snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 6 Aug 1990
    antelope, Antilocapra americana; Badger Basin, Park Co., WY; 9 Aug 1990
    mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 9 Aug 1990
    elk, Cervus elaphus; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 7 Aug 1990
    moose, Alces alces; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 9 Aug 1990
  3. moose scat; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 27 Jul 2002; EHW
  4. rabbit scat; Cody-Northfork Rd, Park Co., WY; 13 Aug 2003; EHW

Fig. 5.16. Antlers and horns:

  1. elk, Cervus elaphus; Yellowstone Nat’l Pk, WY; 18 Sep 1975; EHW
  2. moose, Alces alces; Yellowstone Nat’l Pk, WY; 6 Aug 1977; EHW
  3. mountain goat, Oreamnos americanus; Glacier Nat’l Pk, MT; 1978; EHW
  4. big-horned sheep, Ovis canadensis; nr. Dubois, WY; 1972; EHW

Fig. 5.17. Misleading displays:

  1. killdeer, Charadrius vociferus; Allen Blake Sheldon
  2. opossum, Didelphis marsupialis; David Liebman
  3. eastern hognose snake, Heterodon platyrhinos; Allen Blake Sheldon

Fig. 5.18. White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus; Leonard Lee Rue III

Fig. 5.19. Wall and window walking:

  1. house fly, Musca domestica; Clinton, NY; ___________; EHW
  2. tokay gecko, Gekko gecko; (from pet shop); 16 Oct 2002; EH
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