Ernest H. Williams, Jr.

William R. Kenan Professor of Biology Emeritus

The Nature HandbookThe Nature Handbook

Chapter 8, Mountains

References

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Photo Information

Fig. 8.1. Forests:

  1. tall, most decidous forest (1850 ft el); Powley Rd., Hamilton Co., NY; 7 Jul 2003; EHW
  2. short, evergreen forest (4000 ft el); Whiteface Mtn, NY; 28 Sep 2003; EHW

Fig. 8.2. Autumn color zonation on Whiteface Mtn, NY; 23 Sep 2001; EHW

Fig. 8.3. Spruce and lodgepole pine forest; Kananaskis, AB; 22 Jul 2003; EHW

Fig. 8.4. High treeline; Southfork-Dubois trail, WY; 31 Jul 1975; EHW

Fig. 8.5. Low treelines:

  1. tree growth at the prairie’s edge; nr. Glacier Nat’l Pk, MT; 27 Jul 2003; EHW
  2. trees on the northern slope; Red Lodge, MT; 3 Aug 2001; EHW

Fig. 8.6. Crooked wood at upper treeline:

  1. flagged stem of balsam fir, Abies balsamea; Mt Washington, NH; 17 Sep 1978; EHW
  2. flag tree of balsam fir; Whiteface Mtn, NY; 23 Sep 2001; EHW
  3. krummholz cluster of subalpine fir, Abies lasiocarpa; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 10 Aug 1976; EHW

Fig. 8.7. Fir waves of balsam fir, Abies balsamea, (a) and (b); Whiteface Mtn, NY; 23 Sep 2001; EHW

Fig. 8.8. Invasion of a subalpine meadow; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 6 Aug 2001; EHW

Fig. 8.9. Soil tubes of northern pocket gopher, Thomomys talpoides:

  1. Fantan Lk, Beartooth Mtns, WY; 19 Jul 2002; EHW
  2. Clay Butte, Beartooth Mtns, WY; 27 Jul 2002; EHW

Fig. 8.10.

  1. Mountain meadow; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 1 Aug 1979; EHW
  2. white-lined sphinx moth, Hyles lineata; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 30 Jul 1978; EHW

Fig. 8.11.

  1. montane meadow, Island Lk, Beartooth Mtns, WY; 3 Jul 1974; EHW
  2. marsh marigold, Caltha leptosepala; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 3 Jul 1974; EHW
  3. subalpine buttercup, Ranunculus eschscholtzii; Beartooth Mtns; 10 Jul 1975; EHW

Fig. 8.12. Alpine plants:

  1. moss campion, Silene acaulis; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 17 Jul 1976; EHW
  2. alpine forget-me-not, Eritrichium nanum; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 14 Jun 1977; EHW
  3. diamond-leaved saxifrage, Saxifraga rhomboidea; Clay Butte, Beartooth Mtns, WY; 6 Jul 1979; EHW
  4.  net-vein willow, Salix reticulata; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 19 Jul 1974; EHW

Fig. 8.13. Alpine leaves:

  1. Senecio fuscatus; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 27 Jul 2002; EHW
  2. Labrador tea, Ledumgroenlandicum; Whiteface Mtn, NY; 23 Sep 2001; EHW
  3. woolly pussytoes, Antennarialanata; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 17 Aug 2001; EHW

Fig. 8.14. Map lichen, Rhizocarpon geographicum:

  1. on an undisturbed alpine boulder; Whiteface Mtn, NY; 23 Sep 2001; EHW
  2. close-up; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 17 Aug 2001; EHW

Fig. 8.15. Snow tinged pink by growth of Chlamydomonas nivalis:

  1. edge of a snowbank; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 6 Aug 2001; EHW
  2. late season snowbank; E. Summit, Beartooth Mtns, WY; 19 Jul 2002; EHW

Fig. 8.16. Patterned ground:

  1. polygons in flat areas; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 6 Aug 2001; EHW
  2. stripes on slopes; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 6 Aug 2001; EHW

Fig. 8.17. Frost hummocks of wet soil; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 17 Aug 2001; EHW

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