Ernest H. Williams, Jr.

William R. Kenan Professor of Biology Emeritus

The Nature HandbookThe Nature Handbook

References

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Photo Information

Fig. 9.1. West coast conifers:

  1. giant sequoia, Sequoiadendron giganteum; Yosemite Nat’l Pk, CA; 15 Sep 1980; EHW
  2. coastal redwoods, Sequoia sempervirens; Armstrong Redwoods S.R., CA; 28 Mar 1981; EHW
  3. sugar pine, Pinus lambertiana; CA; David Liebman

Fig. 9.2. Pine Barrens, NJ; 11 Aug 2002; EHW

Fig. 9.3. Quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides, clones:

  1. from the inside; Beartooth Highway, Park Co., WY; 17 Aug 2001; EHW
  2. on a mountain slope; Absaroka Mtns, Park Co., WY; 29 Sep 1974; EHW

Fig. 9.4. Eastern deciduous forest; Kirkland Woods; Clinton, NY; 4 May 2003; EHW

Fig. 9.5. Leafing out in sugar maple, Acer saccharum, and black walnut, Juglans nigra; Root Glen, Clinton, NY; 15 May 2003; EHW

Fig. 9.6. Fall colors:

  1. northeastern forest edge; New Hartford, NY; 16 Ot 2001; EHW
  2. collection of sugar maple leaves, Acer saccharum; Clinton, NY; 16 Oct 2001; EHW
  3. red maple, Acer rubrum; Whiteface Mtn, NY; 23 Sep 2001; EHW
  4. white oak, Quercus alba; Clinton, NY; 16 Oct 2001; EHW

Fig. 9.7. Blowdowns:

  1. damage from an ice storm; no. Hamilton Co., NY; 29 Sep 2002; EHW
  2. root base of a fallen tree; nr. Old Forge, NY; 2 Aug 2002; EHW
  3. old-growth forest; Powley Rd, Hamilton Co., NY; 7 Jul 2003; EHW

Fig. 9.8. Regrowth after a forest fire:

  1. Yellowstone Nat’l Pk, WY; 11 Jul 1991; EHW
  2. Yellowstone Nat’l Pk, WY; 25 Jul 2002; EHW

Fig, 9.9. Browse lines:

  1. northern white-cedar, Thuja occidentalis; Sagamore Lk, NY; 4 Aug 2003; EHW
  2. apple, Malus pumila; Missoula, MT; 29 Jul 2003; EHW

Fig. 9.10. Northern red oak, Quercus rubra; Clinton, NY; 25 Oct 2002; EHW

Fig. 9.11. Bark beetle galleries:

  1. slippery elm, Ulmus rubra; David Liebman
  2. apple, Malus pumila; Clinton, NY; Jul 2003; EHW
  3. cottonwood, Populus sp.; Missoula, MT; 29 Jul 2003; EHW
  4. lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta; Yellowstone Nat’l Pk, WY; 9 Aug 2003; EHW

Fig. 9.12. Buck rubs of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus:

  1. alder, Alnus sp.; Westmoreland, NY; Apr 2001; EHW
  2. striped maple, Acer pensylvanicum; Root Glen, Clinton, NY; 23 Mar 2003; EHW

Fig. 9.13. Marked trees

  1. browsing of willow, Salix sp.; Utica Marsh, NY; 30 Apr 2003; EHW
  2. gnawing of quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides; Seeley Lk, MT; 28 Jul 2003; EHW
  3. grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, claw marks on Engelman spruce, Picea engelmannii; Beartooth Mtns, WY; ca. 1980; EHW
  4. bison, Bison bison, horn scratches on spruce; Hayden Valley, Yellowstone Nat’l Pk, WY; 25 Jul 2002; EHW

Fig. 9.14. Sapsucker holes:

  1. yellow-bellied sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius; Hugh Smith
  2. apple, Malus pumila; Monhegan Is., ME; 30 May 2002; EHW
  3. American mountain-ash, Sorbus americana; Clinton, NY; 8 Sep 2002; EHW

Fig. 9.15. Leaf nests:

  1. Clinton, NY; 7 Nov 2002; EHW
  2. Oneida Co., NY; 5 May 2003; EHW

Fig. 9.16. Dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium campylopodum:

  1. Clay Butte, Beartooth Mtns, WY; 17 Aug 2001; EHW
  2. Clay Butte, Beartooth Mtns, WY; 27 Jul 2002; EHW
  3. close-up; Yellowstone Nat’l Pk, WY; 9 Aug 2003; EHW

Fig. 9.17. Spanish moss, Tillandsia usneoides:

  1. on live oak, Quercus virginiana; Orton Plantation, NC; 17 Jun 2002; EHW
  2. close-up; Huntington Beach St. Pk, SC; 16 Jun 2002; EHW
  3. lichen, Usnea sp.; Corvallis, OR; 29 Jul 2001; EHW

Fig. 9.18. Club mosses:

  1. ground pine, Lycopodium obscurum; Bolton, MA; 24 Nov 2001; EHW
  2. running cedar, L. complanatum; Rome Sand Plains, NY; 3 May 2003; EHW
  3. bristly clubmoss, L. annotinum; Whiteface Mtn, NY; 29 Sep 2002; EHW

Fig. 9.19. Shelf fungi (polypores):

  1. yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis; nr. Old Forge, NY; 2 Aug 2002; EHW
  2. northern red oak, Quercus rubra; Bolton, MA; 24 Nov 2001; EHW
  3. rotting tree trunk; Root Glen, Clinton, NY; 23 Mar 2003; EHW
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